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Philosophy & Concepts
Atmanआत्मन्
The individual soul or true self, eternal and unchanging.
Detailed Explanation
Atman is the innermost self or soul in Hindu philosophy — the true, eternal essence of every living being that exists beyond the body, mind, and ego. The Upanishads teach that the Atman is not born, does not die, and cannot be destroyed: "Na jayate mriyate va kadachin" (Bhagavad Gita 2.20). The relationship between Atman and Brahman (Universal Soul) is the central question of Hindu philosophy. Advaita Vedanta holds that Atman and Brahman are identical ("Tat Tvam Asi" — Thou Art That); Vishishtadvaita sees Atman as a part of Brahman; Dvaita maintains they are eternally distinct. Realizing the true nature of the Atman — as distinct from the body, mind, and ego — is the key to Moksha. The Atman is described as Sat-Chit-Ananda: existence (Sat), consciousness (Chit), and bliss (Ananda).
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Related Terms
Brahmanब्रह्मन्
The ultimate, unchanging reality or Supreme Being in Hindu philosophy.
Mokshaमोक्ष
Liberation from the cycle of birth and death (Samsara).
Samsaraसंसार
The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth driven by Karma.
Mayaमाया
The cosmic illusion that makes the world appear real and separate from Brahman.