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Upanishadउपनिषद्
The philosophical culmination of the Vedas, inquiring into the Self (Atman), the absolute (Brahman), and liberation.
Detailed Explanation
The Upanishads are the concluding portions of the Vedas — hence Vedanta, the end of the Veda — and form the philosophical core of Hindu thought. Often composed as dialogues, they turn from outward ritual toward inner inquiry into Brahman (ultimate reality), Atman (the Self), karma, and moksha. Their central insight, that the individual Self and the absolute are ultimately one, underlies the Vedanta schools. Tradition counts 108 Upanishads, of which roughly a dozen are considered principal.
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Related Terms
Vedaवेद
The foundational scriptures of Hinduism — four collections of hymns, mantras, and sacred knowledge regarded as eternal revelation.
Brahmanब्रह्मन्
The ultimate, unchanging reality or Supreme Being in Hindu philosophy.
Atmanआत्मन्
The individual soul or true self, eternal and unchanging.
Mokshaमोक्ष
Liberation from the cycle of birth and death (Samsara).